The Opposite of Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Opposite of Freedom - Essay Example There would be nobody to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no incredible will bowing hers in daze constancy with which people accept they reserve a privilege to force a private will upon an individual animal. A thoughtful goal or a pitiless goal caused the demonstration to appear to be no less a wrongdoing as she viewed it in a short snapshot of enlightenment. (Story 2) For her, opportunity was just conceivable in the demise of her better half, not in his life. She was not dismal at his perishing, in light of the fact that it implied that she would at long last have the option to settle on her own choices, at long last ready to carry on with her own life. However the story can not end there. The peruser is recounted to right off the bat in the story that Louise has a powerless heart, and would be worried by the news. At the point when the specialists show up to check her, and ensure she is well, someone else likewise shows up her significant other. The story closes When the specialists came they said she had passed on of coronary illness - of satisfaction that slaughters (Story 3). As far as possible, she was constrained by her significant other, and the stun at understanding that all the delight she had felt was too early slaughtered her. Indeed, even her passing was dictated by the activities of a man. For Desiree, of Desiree's Baby, the hopelessness in her life is no less obvious. She is content with her better half, and they have an extraordinary love. ... She, who is a delicate soul, is happy that the happening to their first kid has mellowed her significant other, who is frequently unfeeling with the slaves. At that point, abruptly, something changed, and the whole state of mind of the house was unique. Want took note At the point when he addressed her, it was with turned away eyes, from which the old love-light appeared to have gone out. He absented himself from home; and when there, stayed away from her essence and that of her youngster, without pardon. What's more, the very soul of Satan appeared to be out of nowhere to grab hold of him in his dealings with the slaves. Desiree was hopeless enough beyond words. (Desiree 3) Something, it appeared, had changed for him, and his temperament is the thing that controlled the whole house. When Desiree out of nowhere understands that her child is mostly dark, she goes to her significant other to discover why he was dark. He discloses to her that she should be dark. Also, on the grounds that she was dark, he not, at this point needed her. She left, and he consumed every one of her things, alongside those of the child. However, toward the end, the storyteller imparts to the peruser a note from quite a while ago. His mom stated I thank the great God for having so organized our lives that our dear Armand will never realize that his mom, who loves him, has a place with the race that is reviled with the brand of subjection (Desiree 6). He was so humiliated by his own history that he was happy to accuse his better half, and power her to leave, alongside his child. For the two ladies, men controlled their activities. For Desiree, the deficiency was plainly hers, and she had to leave. For Louise, her lone opportunity accompanied her better half's demise. The two ladies were constrained in their developments by men, yet in various ways. Desiree had to leave, and lose the satisfaction she had with her family, alongside

Interesting Quotes From Novel Alas, Babylon

Fascinating Quotes From Novel 'Oh dear, Babylon' Pat Franks great novel Alas, Babylonâ is loaded up with provocative statements. Distributed inâ 1959, the bookâ takes place in Florida and isâ centered around the Braggs. One of the main books of the atomic age, Alas, Babylon has a distinctlyâ post-whole-world destroying twisted. With this gathering of statements, sorted by section, acclimate yourself with the composition that made this novel so unique.â Parts 1-2 Pressing you meet me at Base Ops McCoy early afternoon today. Helen and kids traveling to Orlando today around evening time. Oh Babylon. (Ch. 1)Standing a far distance off for the dread of her torment, saying, Alas, oh dear, that extraordinary city Babylon, that compelling city! For in one hour is thy judgment come. (Ch. 2)Sure. Time on track. You dont fire everything at a similar moment. You shoot it so everything shows up on track at the equivalent instant. (Ch. 2) Sections 4-5 Peewee might be a mouse on board transport, yet hes a tiger in a Tiger. On the off chance that I sent him up with requests to kill the moon, hed attempt. (Ch. 4)So here comes our neighborhood Paul Revere, he welcomed Randy. What are you attempting to do, scare my better half and little girl to death? (Ch. 4)Ben Franklin, gazing toward the south, stated, I dont see any mushroom cloud. Dont they generally have a mushroom cloud? (Ch. 5)Edgar delayed. To decline to money government investment funds securities was guardian blasphemy so horrendous that the chance at no other time had entered his head. However here he was, confronted with it. No, he chose, we dont money any securities. Tell those people that we wont money any securities until we discover where the administration stands, or if. (Ch. 5) Parts 6-9 As Chief Executive of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, I thusly announce a condition of boundless national crisis until such time as new races are held, and Congress reconvenes. (Ch. 6)Whos winning? Nobodys winning. Urban communities are biting the dust and ships are sinking and airplane is going in, yet nobodys winning. (Ch. 6)In four months, Randy stated, weve relapsed 4,000 years. More, perhaps. 4,000 years back the Egyptians and Chinese were more humanized than Pistolville is at this moment. Not just Pistolville. Figure what should get going on in those pieces of the nation where they dont even have products of the soil and catfish. (Ch. 8)I consider most us detected this reality, yet we were unable to acknowledge it. No issue how well we comprehended reality it was fundamental that the Kremlin comprehend it as well. It takes two to make a harmony however just one to make a war. So everything we could do, while vowing not to strike first, was lin e up our lead warriors. (Ch. 9)It was a wolf, Randy said. It wasnt a pooch any more. In conditions such as these mutts can transform into wolves. You did perfectly, Ben. Here, reclaim your firearm. (Ch. 9) Sections 10-13 No. An organization under military law. So far as I probably am aware Im the main dynamic Army Reserve official around so I surmise its up to me. (Ch. 10)The finish of the corn and weariness of the citrus crop had been inescapable. Armadillos in the sweet potatoes was misfortune, yet endurable. However, without fish and salt their endurance was in question. (Ch. 12)Ben Franklin was credited with finding another wellspring of food, and was a saint. Peyton was just a young lady, fit for sewing, pot washing, and making beds. (Ch. 12)It was confirmation that the legislature of the United States despite everything worked. It was likewise helpful as bathroom tissue. Following day, ten flyers would purchase an egg, and fifty a chicken. It was paper, and it was cash. (Ch. 13)We won it. We truly clobbered em! Harts eyes brought down and his arms hung. He stated, Not that it makes a difference. (Ch. 13)

Is Rolling Your Own Cigarettes a Healthy Way to Smoke

Is Rolling Your Own Cigarettes a Healthy Way to Smoke Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes Print Is Rolling Your Own Cigarettes a Healthier Way to Smoke? Weighing the Current Evidence By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 07, 2020 More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. Many smokers believe that rolling your own cigarettes is a way to cut back on smoking and/or avoid the harmful chemicals that are in commercially-produced regular filtered cigarettes. But theres no such thing as a healthy smoking option, and hand-rolled cigarettes are no exception. Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin   About Roll-Your-Own Cigarettes Roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes are hand-rolled cigarettes made with loose tobacco. Other names for RYO cigarettes include rollies, roll-ups, burns,  and rolls. There are a few ways to make hand-rolled cigarettes, including using cigarette papers and loose tobacco or using rolling machines to make a uniform and more tightly packed cigarette. Preformed cigarette tubes that can be filled with loose tobacco and smokedâ€"both with and without filtersâ€"are also available. Some common reasons smokers prefer RYO cigarettes include: Cost:  A pouch of rolling tobacco and cigarette papers is much cheaper than buying brand name or generic cigarettes.??Image:  There is a perception in some social circles that people who roll their own cigarettes are edgy and non-traditional. Many smokers assume that RYO cigarettes are healthier because they are more natural. The current body of evidence has shown that RYO cigarettes are just as risky to a  smokers health as regular ones. What They Contain While it is true that roll-your-own cigarettes dont contain the  many thousands of chemical compounds regular cigarettes do, they do still contain additives and dangerous chemicals.?? RYO cigarette smokers inhale enough toxins to be concerned about, such as: Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNAs):  These are some of the most potent  carcinogens  in tobacco and  tobacco smoke.?? TSNAs are present in green tobacco (unprocessed tobacco plant leaves) in small amounts, but it is the  processing and curing of tobacco that causes high levels. These remain in loose tobacco.Tar:  Tar is the sticky brown residue that stains the end of a cigarette filter and other surfaces it comes into contact with. Tar also settles on  delicate tissue in the lungs and bronchial tubes of smokers.   Smokers tend to inhale more  tar  when smoking RYO cigarettes, due in part to the lack of  a filter as well as the need to  suck harder to inhale the smoke. Nicotine:  Nicotine is the addictive substance of? cigarettes, and it is present in loose tobacco. Its also a potent poison that has been used in pesticides for decades.Carbon Monoxide:  Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic byproduct of the incomplete burning of carbon-containing fuels.?? When breathed in, CO interferes with the bodys ability to carry oxygen.  Cigarette smoke from any type of cigarette  can contain high levels of CO. Researchers have studied TSNAs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  in the urine of both traditional cigarette smokers and RYO smokers. These two groups of chemicals are highly carcinogenic byproducts of cigarette smoking and appear to be present in virtually the same quantities regardless of the type of cigarette smoked.?? Deborah Arnott, chief executive of the U.S. anti-smoking organization Action on Smoking Health (ASH), puts the differences between RYO and regular cigarettes into perspective: A useful analogy that has been used is that arguing over the difference between roll-ups and straights is like arguing whether it’s safer to jump out of the 20th or 15th floor of a buildingâ€"either way, you’re going to hit the ground and die.?? Health Risks In fact, scientists and doctors widely believe that the risks to a smokers health are the same regardless of whether youre smoking commercially-produced cigarettes or rolling your own. Just like commercial cigarette smokers, people who smoke hand-rolled cigarettes face a risk of: Lung cancerEsophageal cancerCancer of the mouth, pharynx,  and larynxCardiovascular diseases?? Its difficult to assess the overall risk of RYOs because each hand-rolled cigarette is unique and the amount of tobacco will vary, as will how the cigarette is smoked. Also, some smokers use filtered tubes for their RYO tobacco and some dont. However, it is safe to say that RYO cigarettes are nothing remotely close to a healthy (or healthier) smoking choice. RYO cigarettes endanger the health of anyone who smokes them, as well as those who breathe in the secondhand smoke  they produce. A Word From Verywell If youre still smoking any type of cigarette, consider quitting sooner rather than later.  There are many tools and resources that can help you kick the habit, including support groups, quit aids, and counseling. Moreover, under the Essential Health Benefits of the Affordable Care Act, the tools for quitting can be provided free of charge through your health insurance, including Medicaid and Medicare. Are Hand-Rolled Bidi Cigarettes Safer?

The Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children - 1423 Words

With gratitude, I would like to draw you into a situation that has occurred throughout history. All individuals who work at a center involved with domestic violence should hear my concern about how late elementary to late high school students lack the knowledge about domestic violence. Many individuals are not aware about who is being domestically violated in their communities. We should have a program that shows ways to cope, tell, and prevent domestic violence. This would educate students about what is considered as domestic violence. The students deserve to be herd; this program will give them the opportunity to tell their stories about being a victim of domestic violence. It will encourage scared and innocent children to confess their abuse. All information given in this program will be confidential to others. If any information is leaked to students outside of program then they will be asked to leave and not come back. This will be a safe environment for all abused and non-abused children. My desire is to help young individuals learn more about domestic violence. Also, I want to give a victim a voice because they will be heard. I propose that you consider helping young scared and terrified individuals a chance to learn and be heard by giving a grant to help make this possible. I have done a study, which will add evidence to my proposal. This program will help young adult become confident with confessing that they have been associated with abuse: seen, herd, or hasShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1529 Words   |  7 PagesProject: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Trudy Root Kaplan University CM107-11 Children are negatively impacted by the surrounding of domestic violence in multiple ways, in which need to be identified. The audience that needs to be aware of domestic abuse’s effects on children is adults that care for children; such as pediatricians, teachers, counselors, and parents. The issue that needs to be addressed is the negative effects on children involved in a domestic violence situationRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children1387 Words   |  6 Pages Literature Review: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children By Taralyn Dean SW 8570 March 11, 2015 Introduction Today this paper will be exploring the affects of intimate partner domestic violence and how this impacts the children. The children of theses situations are the bystanders of these physical and emotional events. This paper will review in depth what other professionals are saying about the children of the domestic violence relationships and also the findings andRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn a similar study by Ybarra, Wilkens, Lieberman (2007) the goal was to determine if domestic violence leads to functioning shortfalls, and what its effects it has on a child’s behavioral and cognitive functioning. In homes where domestic violence happens, young children are more likely to witness violence than older children. It was hypothesized that children who witnessed violence at home had lower verbal capabilities, and would display greater internalizing and externalizing behaviors. ParticipantsRead MoreEffect of Domestic Violence on Children692 Words   |  3 PagesASSIGNMENT 1 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ID: S99003183; URIAM ROBATI ABSTRACT Domestic Violence has a great effect on children. Domestic violence also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse or child abuse is recognized as a pattern of abusive behavior by one or both partners especially those in marriage. This coercive behavior is used against another person to obtain power and control over the other party in a relationship. Domestic violence takes many forms such as physical violence which includesRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Children1445 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is domestic Violence? Domestic Violence is described as violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Many children end up being the victims to seeing domestic violence in the home which is very unhealthy to their development. Some children may development resentment toward both parents- one for not leaving and the other for causing the abuse. Depression, aggressive behavior, emotional distress and suicide depending on the severityRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe biggest victims of domestic violence are the littlest. The home is a suppose to be a safe and secure environment for children with loving parents and free from violence. Children need a secure environment where they can come home to when the outside world is unsafe. However, every year there are millions of children who’s homes are not a safe haven. Millions of children are exposed to a parent being violently assaulted. Domestic violence is a prevalent social issue in America today. First, whoRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children And Children1541 Words   |  7 Pageslife. Domestic abused affect women and children. Lots of women are more at risk in their own home. Spouse abuses happen when one person in the marriage chooses to control the other party by using fair intimidation physical, emotional abuse. Domestic violence displaced many families because they are trying to get away from their abuser. Abuse can range from physical, mentally, emotional or psychological. One of every 5 woman are said to have experience an abuse from their partner. The effect of DomesticRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children908 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Domestic Violence on Children by Mary Pelham English 1010-19 5 October 2011 Pelham i Outline I. Effects on younger children A. Feelings of deprivation Read MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Many children witness domestic violence each day. Most times, children witness their mothers being abuse by their fathers, step-fathers, or mother’s boyfriends. According to Couchenour and Chrisman (2011), â€Å"Women and children are at greater risk of being victims of abuse than are men† (p. 131). Witnessing violence or being abused at home has serious effects on children. This article explains the short-term and long-term effects that domestic violence hasRead MoreEffects Of Domestic Violence On Children990 Words   |  4 Pagesexposed to domestic violence at an early age, that child adapts to these adverse circumstance and situations (Holmes, 2013). Therefore, children who are regularly exposed to domestic violence may initially display less aggressive behaviors than children who are never exposed. However, this is due to their fear of being a victim of a physical assault (Holmes, 2013). This finding was interesting because it shows how deeply the children are affe cted by exposure to domestic violence. The children become

Should Abortion Be Murder - 868 Words

Abortion is Murder Have you ever lost a loved one or someone that meant a lot to you? If so, how did that make you feel? I’m sure you felt heartbroken or lost and you didn’t know what you were going to do. Imagine how you would feel if you were trying to bring a loved one into this world but you couldn’t. It wasn’t because you didn’t want to, it’s was because you were physically not able to. There are many women who want to have kids and make their family grow but because of their health issues they can’t or they aren’t capable of doing it. They would do anything to bring a little bundle of joy into the world. Then there are others that feel like it is okay to abort a baby because they don’t want it. When there are many options that they could chose instead of abortion. Why would you want to take an innocent life when there are many people who would love to adopt the baby? Abortion is murder because life begins at conception. A fetus is a h uman being, it has a heartbeat. Abortion is the termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Also according to Medicine Net, an abortion is the premature exit of the products of conception (the fetus, fetal membranes, and placenta) from the uterus. People who are for abortion usually say that abortion is just a medical procedure. So therefore it isn’t murder. How is that when life begins at conception and you’re removing the fetus from the body? Onan Coco has proven to us with researchShow MoreRelatedShould Abortion Be Murder?2468 Words   |  10 PagesAbortion has been a longstanding public debate that has many contributing factors. Legislation, personal values, financial stability, and religious beliefs all play a pivotal role in determining whether or not abortion is considered to be murder. There are several articles that highlight abortion from the perception of individuals who support a woman’s right to have one. However, data supporting the notion that abortion is murder is insufficient. This is especially true for the perceptions of thoseRead MoreAbortion : An Act Of Population Reduction920 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion: Legalized Murder A resounding tune states that people make the world go around. It is understandable that old age, illnesses, accidents, wars, and many other disasters bring on reductions within the population. Yet, abortion as an act of population reduction is often a topic that many people would rather not discuss. Abortions account for 1.3 million deaths among unborn children yearly (â€Å"Abortion: Late-Term/Partial Birth 2). The purpose of this research is to argue that, with the exceptionRead MoreAbortion Is A Way For Women1726 Words   |  7 PagesKellsey Lodahl Abortion is Ethical Abortion is a way for women, or couples, to make the best decision they can for themselves and the unborn child if they are not ready to bring a child into the world. Allowing termination as a legal and ethical option lets women know they still have a choice when their world is turned upside down. The choice to abort a pregnancy allows women to remain in control of their bodies and makes women one step closer to becoming equal to men. I argue that it is ethicallyRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?911 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion, to some it is the murder of an innocent fetus with a heartbeat. To others it is considered an option to be freed from the responsibilities of parenthood. We all have different views that can be controversial to the opinions of others. Yet, there are proven facts and cases where making abortion illegal is the best decision. Propaganda for Prolife is everywhere, but is there enough to show the world how wrong abortion is? I believe there is not, yet there ar e some very emotional advertisementsRead More Should Abortion Really Be Legal? 769 Words   |  3 PagesAbortion is a critical topic that many people like to avoid arguing about. Abortion is currently legal and many â€Å"mothers† have aborted their baby. Abortion is a sensitive thing to consider and talk about for many, but it should be discussed and argued about. Abortion terminates a pregnancy after so much time has passed, that’s ending a life of another. Babies don’t ask to come into the world, but these doctors who are supposed to be saving lives are ending many of them. Abortion should not be legalRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal Or Illegal?939 Words   |  4 Pagesheated issues is abortion. Abortion has been around at almost every point in American history. Consequently, since the Supreme Court decision of Roe v. Wade there have been approximately 57,762,169 abortions in America (â€Å"Are You†). This raises the question of should abortion be legal or illegal, and is this immoral or moral to do? The decision to have an abortion can be a difficult time in a woman’s life, but is not a moral way to end a pregnancy. Abortion in the United States should be illegal becauseRead MoreEssay on Abortion is not Murder in the right circumstances882 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion Is Not Murder under the Right Circumstances She was only twelve, only for a walk on the street right by her house when he got to her. The experience was terrifying and all she wanted to do was forget about it, forget about him on top of her, making her do things that should only be done with someone she loves. The rape is finally over and he lets her go after making her promise not to tell. A few weeks after the rape she still hadn’t told, but started feeling woozy and nauseous in theRead MoreAbortion is Murder Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is the termination of a pregnancy. It has been going on for many centuries. No one knows when the first abortion was because many of them were never documented. Approximately half of the women in the United States have had at least one pregnancy that they aborted (â€Å"Abortion In†). In the 1820s there were laws forbidding abortion after fourth month of pregnancy. Many feminist, such as Susan B. Anthony are against abortion. Susan B. Anthony was an American civil r ights leader in the 19th centuryRead MoreMedically Induced Abortions Are Murder1354 Words   |  6 PagesMedically Induced Abortions are Murder Abortion is the purposeful termination of a fetus, either naturally or medically (Abortion 2). In this instance, an unborn fetus perishes either through natural causes such as a miscarriage, or by medically induced methods (McFall 188). Medically induced methods are the most controversial of the two because a mother cannot control the natural circumstances of abortion, but medically induced methods are controllable and mothers hold full responsibility for endingRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the word abortion is heard, it is always associated with many negative things such as murder and inhumanity. However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it red uces crime by reducing the number of

Worldwide Food Shortage Free Essays

These new factors are related to economic systems, political issues, alternative energies and fuels or global warming and climate change. As we can read in an article by Lester Brown published in Scientific American Magazine, â€Å"one of the toughest things for people to do Is to anticipate sudden change. † (2009) This quote helps us understanding the crawls In countries affected by flooding or droughts. We will write a custom essay sample on Worldwide Food Shortage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other natural disasters hard to predict and having a substantial Impact on basic food production are earthquakes and tsunamis. These phenomenon’s have the power to paralyze any agricultural activity among others. When these natural disasters affect countries with a poor economy, the situation is even worse as they do not have enough resources to recover and things are likely to become critical to the point where the population is affected by malnutrition and dies of hunger. Africa has been long known as the continent with the worst problems concerning food shortages In most of their countries, mainly due because of the hot temperatures causing severe uncontrollable droughts and water shortages. The situation in these countries has not only immediate implications on population, but also makes it very official for economies to develop. Unfortunately, because of the lack of food many diseases would easily spread and be difficult to overcome, since the countries are poor. To Illustrate the state of some African countries we will be citing a shocking affirmation published In an article by Marc Gunter, senior writer for Fortune Magazine: â€Å"The average American pet will consume more resources than the average African and have better medical care as well. † (2008) The same poor economical environment in countries of Central and South America had facilitated over the years, food shortages following either droughts or flooding. In 2001 for instance, a severe drought has compromised the crops across Central America. Countries like Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador have been seriously affected. (Taylor, 2002) These countries are predominately rural and produce grains and coffee for export. This is the other aspect of local food shortages: it can extend to affect other importing countries as well, forcing the increase in prices for some essential foods. As we could see so far in this analysis, droughts are not the only factors having the power to severely affect food production, but their opposite, flooding has the same vegetating erect. Entries all around ten world , In Europe, Salsa, Australia, ten Americas, they all have experienced food shortages due to flooding. A healthy production depends thus on balanced weather conditions. This might be however difficult to achieve, thinking that for centuries nature has been unpredictable, and it’s getting worse due to global warming. An article published in Fortune Magazine presents the Pentagon’s weather nightmare, global warming, as a surging problem, and predicts that a cooling in the Northern Hemisphere will trigger longer and rasher winters in most European countries as well as in the United States. The same conditions will also cause according to the same source, severe droughts which will turn â€Å"farmland to dust bowls and forests to ashes. † (Strip,2004) Food shortages could arise from animal diseases, like the mad-cow disease, which caused a global meat shortage in 1996, and affected mainly the Great Britain, where people have died from consuming the meat coming from infected animals. Same situation has happened with chicken and pork later in the decade. A major issue nowadays is the price of oil. In a global economy heavily relying on amerce, import and export, the price of oil could have a significant impact on the cost of production. Some countries are seriously affected and decide to drop the production for essential foods, since its cost could become higher than the selling price. While some countries, usually developing countries, are struggling to survive on a low food supply, dealing with starvation and diseases, others might as well have an overage in production of basic food. We can analyze these countries’ food overage from a humanitarian and ethical perspective, depending on what their decision is regarding the surplus. How many countries decide to distribute their overage to unprivileged nations, and how many simply dispose of the extra production? Great Britain for instance, estimates that more than 30% of their food is thrown away and thus UK might be the worst in the world for waste. The cost of the wasted food is estimated to be between 8 and 16 billion pounds a year. (Vidal, 2005) This is Just an example of how food is wasted in some countries or Just individually in certain households. In the context of long time food crisis around the world, this waste is highly unethical and shows low commitment to the global welfare. How to cite Worldwide Food Shortage, Essays

My Experience Essays (617 words) - ITunes, Smartphones, IOS

I want to design the worlds most advanced computer software and the way I wanna do it is my way. I believe that I will one day be the best and most advanced system out there. When I was a young boy I first learned about computers from my mom and dad. They had a old windows 98 computer and oh boy was that computer slow. When I was about 9 years old I got this dream that I was gonna create the most advanced operating system for a computer and that?s still my dream today. When I got my first computer I was 14 it was a Windows XP computer and that is when I really wanted to learn to manipulate the system to make it the way I wanted because I didn?t like they way windows operated. When I was 16 I started learning how to manipulate windows, as I was almost done learning my dad bought me an iMac and I loved the mac operating system and I have stayed Mac because Windows is so broken and hard to figure out but Mac is easy to understand and to teach to people the mechanics of the operating system. When I was 16 I was able to teach people how to use Mac OS and to customize it to there liking and whatever other things they want. I got my first iPhone and loved it, it was the best phone out in my opinion. It had the first developed apps and the first facebook app. Then android came out and I found the phone I wanted it was the HTC Droid Eris. So when my contract was up with AT&T, I got Verizon and bought the Droid and that opened up a whole new world of hacking/breaking for me. I had one of my good friends Jon Sakura teach me how to break the android software and I finally did it myself. With the break I could change colors, sounds, and a whole bunch of other things. I have come to this conclusion that android is tedious and requires a lot of work to keep the break going or the phone gets to be really slow and eventually stops working.When I was 17 I got my first iPod, I started reading about hacking/breaking the operating system on the iPod to make it yours. So I read up and practiced it and bricked (crashed the operating system which makes them useless) a couple iPods. I gave up for a while and decided that maybe computers is what I was meant to do. To me computers are the easiest thing out there, some people think cars are easy or math but to me computers are. When I was 18 I got a brand new smartphone and I couldn't wait to break the system and make it mine. I didn?t know that all the smartphone manufactures put a block on there system and made it almos t impossible to break the system. So I tried and tried and it just wouldn't work and I started breaking my way and got rid of the block completely and that is what is making me go to college is to be a programmer and find out what all goes into making a system complete and how people break them. Now Im 19 and I have my iPhone and I have officially jailbroken over 50 iPods and 23 iPhones and I will be taking my programming class and be that much closer to my degree in what I love doing. Within my friends I have been dubbed the hacker and that is now what my friends call me.

the patriot act essays

the patriot act essays The Patriot Act enacted by Congress post September 11th emerged as governments reaction to combat and prevent terrorism in the United States, by maintaining Homeland Security. The attack on the World Trade Center on September 11th sparked a new fear of terrorism in America. Society called for action, for governments protection from further assault. Government capitalized on these fears emotion, and patriotism. An ethnic group of Middle Easter decent were identified as the attackers, thus the entire group became the faces of terrorism. With ulterior motives, government responded, enacting The Patriot Act and commissions such as Homeland Security. The Patriot Act outlines procedures for federal and state law enforcements when detaining and prosecuting suspected terrorist. Included are over two hundred codes regulating every part of American society from banking to entrance into the United States. The most controversial of its codes are those prescribed for detainees. Included are prisoners of war captured in Afghanistan; unlawful combatants" arrested in Afghanistan outside the United States, illegal aliens in the United States or aliens on student or visitor visas, with intentions of committing terrorist acts, and legal aliens with permanent resident status. Detainees are not allowed the same rights as citizens to due process, outlined in the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. (1) Threat and vulnerability information. Except as otherwise directed by the President, the Secretary shall have such access as the Secretary considers necessary to all information, including reports, assessments, analyses, and unevaluated intelligence relating to threats of terrorism against the United States and to other areas of responsibility assigned by the Secretary, and to all information concerning infrastructure or other vulnerabilities of the United States to terrorism, whether or not such information has been analyzed, that may ...

African-American Tennis Champion Althea Gibson Quotes

African-American Tennis Champion Althea Gibson Quotes Althea Gibson, a sharecroppers daughter raised on welfare mostly in New York City, learned tennis through public clubs. She rose to become the first African-American to play at Forest Hills and in the Wimbledon championships, and the first African-American to win either. Althea Gibson broke the color barrier in tennis, helping make possible the later careers of other African-American tennis players including Arthur Ashe and Venus and Serena Williams. Selected Althea Gibson Quotations I hope that I have accomplished just one thing: that I have been a credit to tennis and my country.I want the public to remember me as they knew me: athletic, smart, and healthy... Remember me strong and tough and quick, fleet of foot and tenacious.I always wanted to be somebody. If I made it, its half because I was game enough to take a lot of punishment along the way and half because there were a lot of people who cared enough to help me.I dont want to be put on a pedestal. I just want to be reasonably successful and live a normal life with all the conveniences to make it so. I think Ive already got the main thing Ive always wanted, which is to be somebody, to have identity. Im Althea Gibson, the tennis champion. I hope it makes me happy.No matter what accomplishments you make, somebody helped you.In the field of sports, you are more or less accepted for what you do rather than what you are.I knew that I was an unusual, talented girl through the grace of God. I didnt need to prove that to myself. I only wanted to prove it to my opponents. In sports, you simply arent considered a real champion until you have defended your title successfully. Winning it once can be a fluke; winning it twice proves you are the best.Most of us who aspire to be tops in our fields dont really consider the amount of work required to stay tops.People thought I was ruthless, which I was. I didnt give a darn who was on the other side of the net. Id knock you down if you got in my way.I just wanted to play, play, play.I was born too soon. Quotes About Althea Gibson Alice Marble, 1950, in American Lawn Tennis magazine: The entrance of Negroes into national tennis is as inevitable as it has proven in baseball, in football, or in boxing; there is no denying so much talent. The committee at Forest Hills has the power to stifle the efforts of one Althea Gibson, who may or may not be succeeded by others of her race who have equal or superior ability. They will knock at the door as she has done. Eventually, the tennis world will rise up en masse to protest the injustices perpetrated by our policymakers. Eventually why not now? New York Times writer Robert Thomas, jr., 1953: The lean and muscular young woman had a dominating serve, and her long, graceful reach often stunned opponents. New York Times writer Neil Amdur, 1955: She hits the ball and plays like a man. Betty Debnaun, principal of the new Althea Gibson Early Childhood Education Academy, 1999: Its only fitting to name the school after a woman as great as Althea Gibson. She excelled in everything she did. Shes a living legend. New York Times writer Ira Berkow: She was the Jackie Robinson of tennis, being first and doing it with so much pride and dignity. But she was also not like Jackie in that she never came out aggressive. Venus Williams, 2003: I am honored to have followed in such great footsteps. Her accomplishments set the stage for my success, and through players like myself and Serena and many others to come, her legacy will live on.

What is Interior Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is Interior Design - Essay Example This editing discusses the fiels of the interior design that does not only involve picking colors, functioning with flourishing stunning fabrics or being creative all day long as many people may think. Modern interior design also delineates a group of numerous yet linked projects that engross turning an interior space into a valuable setting for the range of individuals. In the ancient times, interior designers were incorporated in the processes of building. The researcher describes interior designers as the people who carry out interior design projects. The multifaceted architecture that has resulted in the development of industrial processes and development of the society has transformed the profession of interior designer today. The researcher also discusses one of the primary aspects of being an Interior Designer today, that is comprehension and interpretation of ideas and identification of a client to provide an appropriate environment in which to live or work. It is essential a nd important to come up with a space, which will convey a message. In addition, a significant emphasis should be placed on all the design processes, generation of new ideas, experimentation of different concepts and harmonies, specification of unusual materials and commitment to accurate attention to details. To conclude, the researcher mentiones that a successful Interior Designer must also cover all the procedures of formulating a concept, from formulating ideas, concept boards and technical drawings to a new design solution.

Iraq War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Iraq War - Essay Example charter. As U.S.A and its coalition governments are signatory's to the UN Charter, this move led to the 'Prohibition of Aggression' and hence is considered illegal. By performing such action, the U.S.A totally stained the credibility of the U.N. by diverting from its resolutions. One major concern of the U.S.A and its allies was that Iraq possessed 'weapons of mass destruction' (WMD). This worry was due to Iraq's refusal to allow a UN inspection on its WMD facilities in 1998, in spite of the fact that this was an obligation under the 1991 armistice. This was proved to be wrong much later when enough damage was done. According to a report carried out by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), it was categorically stated that Iraq did not possess any nuclear weapons. However, just the fact that the U.S.A were wrong in believing that Iraq did indeed possess WMDs which could be a potential threat to them shows that why preventative wars are immoral. Another justification for invading Iraq was based on its alleged links with terrorism and Al-Qaeda. This too was an assumption not based on any solid evidence. According to a CIA report it was indicated that the Iraqis had been deliberately avoiding any actions against the U.S. Also, in spite of the then U.S. Defense Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld believed that Iraq was backing international terrorism, according to the State Department's annual study report, there were no serious threats of terrorism by the government of Iraq. If this was the real cause, then countries like Iran and Syria are suspected of doing the same, but they are not the objects of U.S.A.'s invasion threats. The question here is not whether Iraq is directly linked to terrorism or not, but to find out to what extent is it linked to terrorism if at all. The belief that Iraq posed a military threat to U.S had been proved wrong much long ago when it was reported that Iraq neither possessed the launchers for their missiles nor the engine to power them (UNSCOM, 1992). There was absolutely no evidence if Iraq possessed Scud missiles and launchers after the Gulf War. With its neighboring countries like Israel having a much sophisticated defense system in place, Iraq was in no way a military threat. It is also believed that the use of force must have high prospects of success. USA's motive to invade Iraq also aimed at establishing peace in the Middle East. Bush administration on April 9, 2003 stated that there were 30,000 Iraqi casualties, though according to a national survey by The Lancet, there are about 654,965 Iraqi deaths from March 2003 to July 2006. A storm was provoked by the shocking admittance by British Prime Minister Tony Blair that the Iraq war caused by U.S.A was a 'disaster'. Though he said that this disaster was not a cause of some accident in the planning, but due to existence of a deliberate strategy to create a situation in which the minority that supports war overpowers the majority that presses for peace. He went on to say that the violence in Iraq was continually on the rise and led to a disturbed Middle East. According to the former SAS officer Peter Tinley, who played an active role in the devising and execution of the Iraq war plan for Australia publicly stated that the 'nation's involvement had been a strategic and moral blunder.' He went on to say

How Do Dixons And Tandy Add Value To The Products They Sell? :: essays research papers

How Do Dixons and Tandy Add Value To The Products They Sell? How do Dixons and Tandy add value to the products that they sell, and, in doing so, what benefits are passed on to the consumer? Do high street consumer electronics stores offer better value for money than their mail-order counterparts? The raw price figures show that, obviously, the high street stores cost more than the mail-order stores, but are the benefits that the high street stores bring worth the extra price? I took the prices of five types of products, a large stereo, a portable system, a small television, a video recorder, and a computer. The large stereo was an AIWA NSX-V710, the portable system was a Sanyo MCD 278, the small televisions that I chose were not available in both stores, and so I had to choose similar models. The models I chose were the Matsui 14" Remote from Tandy and the Nokia 14" Remote from Dixons. The models were both available from the mail-order supplier, at the same price. The video recorder that I chose to use was an AKAI VSG745, and was in fact available from both stores. The computer was the most difficult part of the system to match, as the Dixons systems came with some added bonuses such as extra multimedia software and Internet capability. I therefore reduced the price of the Dixons machine to account for these differences, by deducting the price that it would cost to upgrade on the Tandy machine. So, to give the Tandy computer Internet capability would cost  £150, so that was deducted, and the multimedia software would have cost  £50, so that was deducted. The computer specification I aimed to have as a common platform was an Intel Pentium 120MHz machine, with 8MB RAM, a 14" monitor, at least a 1 GB Hard Disk and MPC level 2 capability (i.e. be able to use CD-ROM Multimedia titles). The mail order supplier I chose to match these specifications with was Computer Trading, as they offered a system which was a close match to the Tandy and Dixons ones, while having a low price. The common factor with all the products is that they are all more expensive than their mail-order price counterparts. This means that the high street stores 'add value'. Adding value is taking one or more parts or products, combining, changing or adding to them, in such a way that the perceived value of the product is increased by more than the cost of the change. For example you might expect to pay  £150 more than the cost of the

Mandarin Oriental Hotel

Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Bangkok Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok is a five-star hotel in Bangkok owned in part and managed by Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. Located on the banks of the Chao Phraya River, the original structure was the first hotel built in Thailand when it opened as The Oriental in 1879. Today, the hotel is one of two flagship properties of Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group and is known for service, which consistently places it among the world's best hotels Background and HistoryWhen Siam opened to foreign trade after the signing of the Bowring Treaty the sailors that manned the ships which conveyed this trade though Bangkok required accommodation on shore. To meet this demand, Captain Dyers, an American and his partner J. E. Barnes opened a hotel called the Oriental Hotel. This burnt down in 1865. Several years later a partnership of Danish captains opened a replacement hotel. In the 1970s the board of the Oriental Hotel decided with the opening of the new River Wing, upon 18 76 as the official establishment date of the Oriental Hotel.In 1881 29-year-old Hans Niels Andersen, a Danish businessman, bought the premises. His various business ventures led to him becoming a much respected member of the Western community in Siam. Andersen identified a need for a respectable hotel with good accommodation, a bar and a western menu to meet the needs of travellers and businessmen visiting to Siam. Encouraged by Prince Prisdang Jumsai, Hans Niels Andersen formed a partnership with Peter Andersen and Frederick Kinch to build a luxury hotel. Designed by Cardu & Rossi, a team of local Italian architects, the Oriental was the first luxury hotel in Siam.The hotel opened on 19 May 1887 with 40 rooms and features which at the time had never been seen in Siam outside of a royal palace: a second floor (during a time of single-storey bungalows), 1 carpeted hallways, smoking and ladies rooms, a billiards room and a bar capable of seating 50 patrons. To ensure the success of th e restaurant and a satisfactory level of service the owners lured the chef and butler away from the French Consulate to work at the hotel. The first major event that the hotel hosted was a grand banquet on 24 May 1888 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria.After personally inspecting the hotel? s facilities in December 1890, King Chulalongkorn decided the hotel was up to the standard necessary to host visiting royalty. The hotel's first royal guests were the entourage of Crown Prince Nicholas of Russia, (later Tsar Nicholas) in April 1891. A succession of owners followed until Marie Maire took over the ownership in 1910. She immediately went to work revamping the hotel. She sold it in 1932. During the Second World War the hotel was leased to the Japanese Army who used it as an officer? club (who under the management of the Imperial Hotel of Tokyo). At the end of the war it was used to house liberated Allied prisoners of war, who in the belief that it was a Japanese proper ty ransacked the building. At the end of the war a six-person partnership each contributed US$250 to buy the hotel. The partnership consisted of Germaine Krull (1897–1985), Prince Bhanu, General Chai Prateepasen, Pote Sarasin (a Thai lawyer) and John Webster and Jim Thompson, two Americans who had served in the Organization for Strategic Security (OSS) and who had stayed on in Thailand.Krull took the position of manager in 1947, despite no prior experience in the hotel field. Born in Poland, she had been best known as a photographer during the 1920s before service in the Pacific as a war correspondent for Agence France Presse. Badly run down after its wartime service, the partnership immediately began restoration and restocking of the hotel which offered to put Thompson? s an opportunity to use his architectural and artistic abilities. The hotel reopened for business on 12 June 1947.Krull turned out to be a natural hotelier and during her reign restored the hotel to it positi on as the premier hotel in Thailand. Thompson soon left the partnership over a plan to build a new wing, though he stayed on in residence at the hotel for some time. To compete with popular clubs and a new local bar called Chez Eve, Krull established the Bamboo Bar, which soon became one of the leading bars in Bangkok. 2 In 1958 the ten-storey Garden Wing was built. It featured the city? s first elevator and was home to the Le Normandie Restaurant. In 1967, fearful thatThailand would fall to the communists, Krull sold her share to Italthai which at the time was well on its way to becoming one of the country? s most significant mercantile groups eventually totally some 60 companies involved in almost all aspects of the Thai economy. Italthai had been founded in the mid-fifties by Giorgio Berlingieri, an Italian born in Genoa and Dr Chaijudh Karnasuta, a Thai. Berlingieri felt that the Oriental had begun to rest on its laurels and had dropped behind its competitors. He wanted to devel op the Oriental into one of the best hotels in the world.Too involved with his various businesses to devote time to the project, Berlingieri in November 1967 appointed 30-year-old Kurt Wachtveitl (1937– ), at that time manager of Nipa Lodge (a hotel that Italthai owned in Pattaya), as general manager of the Oriental. In 1972 the hotel acquired an adjacent property upon which it erected the 350-room River Wing. Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group and Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok The Group began with the opening of its flagship property, The Mandarin, in Hong Kong in 1963, which soon built up a reputation for luxurious service.In 1974, Mandarin International Hotels Limited was formed as a hotel management company. The Group's intention was to expand into Asia and operate hotels that would reflect the standard of service synonymous with their property in Hong Kong. In 1974 the company's hotel interests expanded further through the acquisition of a 49% interest in The Oriental, Bangkok. The Oriental, built in 1876, was already a legendary property and acknowledged as one of the world's great hotels.Through the management of both The Mandarin in Hong Kong and The Oriental, Bangkok, the Group was in an unusual position of having two â€Å"flagship† hotels whose names represented the best in hospitality. In 1985, the Company rationalized its corporate structure by combining these two renowned properties under a common name, Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. 3 The hotel opened its renowned Oriental Spa in 1993 and finished a complete renovation of its rooms and suites in 2003. In 2006, The Oriental, Bangkok celebrated its 130th anniversary.In September 2008, the hotel formally changed its name from The Oriental, Bangkok to Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok. Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group Asia Continent 1. Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok 2. Mandarin Oriental, Dhara Dhevi, Chiang Mai 3. Mandarin Oriental, Hong Kong 4. The Landmark Mandarin Oriental, Hong Kong 5. The Excelsior, Ho ng Kong 6. Mandarin Oriental, Jakarta 7. Mandarin Oriental, Kuala Lumper 8. Mandarin Oriental, Macao 9. Mandarin Oriental, Manila 10. The Oriental, Singapore 11. Mandarin Oriental, Tokyo 12. Mandarin Oriental, Sanya 13. Mandarin Oriental, Lago Nam Van, Macau 14.Mandarin Oriental, Guangzhou 15. Mandarin Oriental, Taipei America Continent 1. Elbow Beach, Bermuda 2. Mandarin Oriental, New York 3. Mandarin Oriental, Miami 4. Mandarin Oriental, San Francisco 5. Mandarin Oriental, Washington D. C. 6. Mandarin Oriental, Riviera Maya, Mexico 7. Mandarin Oriental, Boston 8. Mandarin Oriental, Grand Cayman 4 9. Mandarin Oriental, Chicago 10. Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas 11. Mandarin Oriental, Dallas 12. Mandarin Oriental, Dellis Cay, Turks Europe Continent 1. Mandarin Oriental, Du Rhone, Geneva 2. Mandarin Oriental, Hyde Park, London 3.Mandarin Oriental, Munich 4. Mandarin Oriental, Prague, Czech 5. Mandarin Oriental, Barcelona 6. Mandarin Oriental, Jnan Rahma, Marrakech 7. Mandarin Oriental, Paris Hotel Map 5 The hotel located on the bank of the Chao Phraya River. The Hotel The hotel contains 358 rooms and 35 unique suites. The two-story Authors' Wing, the only remaining structure of the original 19th century hotel, houses suites named after Joseph Conrad, Somerset Maugham, Noel Coward and James Michener. The River Wing contains deluxe two bedroom suites named after former guests r personages associated with the hotel including Barbara Cartland, Gore Vidal, Graham Greene, Wilbur Smith, John le Carre, Jim Thompson, Norman Mailer, Thai author Kukrit Pramoj. Other suites are named after ships associated with the early Bangkok trade such as Otago (once captained by Joseph Conrad), HMS Melita, Vesatri and Natuna. 6 Accommodations Rooms All of rooms in the River Wing or Garden Wing Rooms have their own personalities. They have been designed with traditional Thai flair and luxuriously appointed for your utmost comfort.The standard of in room facilities are as follow: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Private Butler service Work desk with in-built international plugs and Internet access plugs Complimentary fax machine/printer on request 3 IDD telephones with two lines Individual thermostatic controller for air-conditioning and humidity Remote control TV with on command in-house movies Bose CD player and CD library Radio Personal mini bar refrigerator Fresh fruit and flowers daily Large in-room safe Spacious bathroom with separate bathtub and walk-in shower and double vanity Hair dryer Bathrobe and slippers Rooms Bed Size (Sqm/Sqf) View Partial Rate (USD) Superior Room King/Twin 40/428 River/Main Wing 425 Relax and take in the partial river view in the elegant surroundings of teak wood and traditional Thai silks. Thailand? s signature fabric is everywhere adding to the sense of luxury. Fresh fruit and flowers refreshed daily. A personal butler is at your service. Full River/ Main Deluxe Room King/Twin 40/428 Wing 465 Located on higher floors, our Deluxe Rooms o ffer full river views and sumptuous comfort.The elegant decor features traditional Thai elements such as genuine teak furniture, beautiful silks, and a daily delivery of fresh exotic fruits and flowers. Guests will also enjoy enhanced bathroom amenities, with a personal butler at your service. River Front/ Premier Room King/Twin 35/377 Garden Wing 495 Elements of the hotel? s long and illustrious heritage are still to be seen in these colonial-style rooms, which feature vintage chandeliers, evocative artwork and parquet flooring, all complemented by ottomans and comfortable sofas, in a mix that is satisfyingly eclectic.The floor plan changes from room to room; some are split-level, with a bedroom above and seating area below. All Premier Rooms enjoy full river views, and some feature a private conservatory. River & City/ Mandarin Room King 63/678 Main Wing 545 8 These rooms enjoy a strong flow of natural daylight, thanks to floor-to-ceiling windows and a balcony that partially overl ooks the river. They also have a spacious seating area, with comfortable sofas and a coffee table. Throughout, the furnishings are upholstered in Thai silk, harmoniously designed in neutral colors. 3/678 or State Room King/Twin 67/721 River / Main Wing 695 These spacious rooms are located between the 3rd and 9th floors of the River Wing and offer unobstructed river views. A teakwoodpanelled hallway leads guests into the room, which is decorated in traditional Thai style with dark teakwood furnishings and bright Thai silks. Large floor-to-ceiling windows encircle the room, which also features a balcony from which to watch the bustling river activity. There is a sitting area within the bedroom featuring a comfortable sofa and coffee table.Floor-to-ceiling windows surround a semiprivate work area, which has a large working desk and every amenity you need to conduct business in comfort. Suites The standard of in room facilities for Suites ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Private Butler service Work desk w ith in-built international plugs and Internet access plugs Complimentary fax machine/printer on request 3 IDD telephones with two lines Individual thermostatic controller for air-conditioning and humidity Remote control TV with on command in-house movies Bose CD player and CD library 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Radio Personal mini bar refrigerator Fresh fruit and flowers daily Large in-room safe Spacious bathroom with separate bathtub and walk-in shower and double vanity Hair dryer Bathrobe and slippers Rooms Bed Size (Sqm/Sqf) View River / Rate (USD) Executive Suite King 55/592 Main Wing 675 Located in the River Wing, these elegant and spacious one-bedroom suites are flooded with natural daylight and offer impressive river views; the perfect setting in which to relax and unwind. Approximately 55 square metres/592 square feet. River / Family Two-Bedroom Suites King & 2 Twins 95/1,022 Main Wing 800These elegant and spacious suites are ideal for families who will appreciate the extra space and ame nities. There? s a separate sitting area for family gatherings as well as a desk, which complements the exotic finery on display in the traditional Thai style decor of dark teak and silk furnishings. Light floods in through the floor-to-ceiling windows, ideal for admiring the beautiful river view. River / Authors Suites King/Twin 99/985 Main Wing 1,000 10 Located in the River Wing, these individually designed and decorated suites re tributes to some of the great literary figures that have stayed with us over the years. In their names, decor and ambience, they each reflect accents of the author? s personality. All feature floor-to-ceiling windows offering panoramic river views, a balcony, spacious sitting room, a large bathroom with separate bathtub and walk-in shower as well as a powder room off the living room; many also have a walk-in closet. Fresh flowers and fruit are delivered to your suite daily with the services of your own personal butler. River / Deluxe 2-Bedroom Theme Suit es King & 2 Twins 125/1344 Main Wing 1,500The lavish two-bedroom suites feature many rich decorative details, including brass-inlaid teak furniture and soft furnishings that are upholstered in sumptuous Thai silk. Immaculate parquet floors and hand-woven Persian carpets further accentuate these lavish suites. Located on the 16th floor of the River Wing, these suites offer spectacular views of the River of Kings and the City of Angels. Garden / Joseph Conrad Suite King 100/1070 Original Wing 1,500 A giant among authors, Joseph Conrad wrote novels considered by many to be the greatest in the English language. It? only fitting then that our Joseph Conrad Suite should be a remarkable space filled with special details. The suite is the only one in our Authors Wing with its own open terrace, which is attached to the spacious living room and 11 overlooks our lush gardens and the river. The gently sophisticated decor, including carefully selected furnishings and objects d? art, is the perfe ct sanctuary from bustling Bangkok where you? re every need is attended to by your personal butler. Garden / Heritage Authors Suites Queen 100/1070 Original Wing 1,300 Located in the hotel? s original Authors' Wing, the magnificent HeritageAuthors' Suites celebrate three of the great writers who have stayed here. Reflecting the colonial character of the original site of the hotel, each of the three suites – Somerset Maugham, Noel Coward and James Michener – feature spacious bedrooms and lounge areas as well as Victorian-style marble bathrooms. The three suites are individually designed to reflect the Author? s distinct personality. Fresh flowers and fruit are delivered daily by your personal butler ready to anticipate and attend to your every need. Garden / Original Adisorn Lodge Heritage Suites Queen 100/1070 Wing 800 Located in the hotel? original Authors Wing, The Adisorn Lodge celebrates the life and times of our former Chairman. Rich colours and high ceilings, as well as a charming Victorian-style bathroom make this a very unique and historic suite. Fresh flowers and fruit are delivered to your suite daily with the services of your own personal butler. Top Floor Main Siam Suites Twin 130/1398 Wing 3,000 12 Inspired by the beauty of Northern Thailand, the two-bedroom suite features rich furnishings in Thai silk, with the living and dining areas panelled in teak to match the luxurious flooring. Main Wing Selandia Suites King 185/1989 3,000A beautiful suite that evokes the glamour of life aboard the legendary ship The Selandia, with teak floors and walls, ivory cotton draperies and brass-cornered tables, classically but richly decorated. Top Floor Main Royal Oriental Suites King 295/3157 Wing 4,500 The timeless Royal Oriental suite, renowned for its beautiful decor and impressive artworks, has served as the home away from home of royalty, world leaders, and countless celebrities. Facilities The Oriental Spa The multi-award winning Oriental Spa is the ultimate temple of well-being for many guests and VIPs including European royalty, Hollywood legends and political stars.Visit the Oriental Spa and experience the ultimate rejuvenation of body, mind and soul. 13 The Ayurvedic Penthouse India? s 5000 year-old science of wholesome living, Ayurveda touches every aspect of life: physical, mental, social and spiritual. Ayurvedic Treatments are usually recommended as a course of three days but guests will find individual treatments beneficial and with equally long lasting effects. Yoga Session The Oriental Spa offers an extensive range of Yoga sessions conducted by yogic expert Neelam Khatri. The Oriental? Yoga programmes run the gamut from lively group sessions to one- on-one private sessions, each created to suit the specific needs and convenience of guests and yoga lovers. Health Center The Health Centre has recently been expanded to provide the utmost in luxury for sports and health enthusiasts alike, in a tranquil environment. The renovation includes stateof-the-art equipment. Pro 14 The Oriental Thai Cooking School The Oriental Thai Cooking School operates every Monday to Saturday from 9am-12:30pm with a renowned curriculum that teaches the secrets of purely authentic Thai food.Learn everything from basic ingredients to local techniques from our highly regarded instructors who are not only talented experts in Thai cuisine, they are also all-time favorites with our guests. â€Å"Sanook† Oriental Kid? s Club Open for children from the ages 3 to 14 years old the â€Å"Sanook† Oriental Kid? s Club keeps our youngest guests entertained throughout their holidays with an action-packed program featuring an endless variety of outdoor activities, arts and crafts projects, and games that are fun, educational and culturally enriching.All are under the supervision of our Kid? s Coordinators. The Oriental Boutique We are delighted to introduce the opening of The Oriental Boutique, which carries a full r ange of hotel amenities and gifts that make the perfect souvenirs to take home to loved ones. The Oriental Boutique also offers exclusive products such as Oriental Polo shirts, Oriental stuffed animals, the exquisite cutlery and tableware used at the newly renovated China House, our famed cotton and silk bathrobes, and many other items unique to Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok. 5 Sports Tennis Day or night, you can practice your backhand on our two outdoor tennis courts. And don? t worry, if you forgot your racquet, we? ll happily provide one for you to use. Squash Our fitness centre also has one squash court available for rent. The rental fee of THB 700++ includes equipment. Jogging The Oriental Health Centre has an outdoor jogging track that runs right along the tennis courts, perfect for an early morning or evening run. Guests can also use the jogging map that we provide for a jaunt that goes further afield.Swimming Perhaps nothing is more enticing after an excursion into the city hea t than a dip in a pool. At the Oriental Health Club the prospect is doubly irresistible. Those who just want to bask in the sun and relax will love our new wading pool, which is surrounded by cabanas. Our newly upgraded big pool finished in rich mosaics and natural stones as well as new lighting enhancements, 25 metres long and is ideal for swimming laps. Both pools are open daily from 6am to 8pm.Thai Boxing Muay Thai, as Thai boxing is known here, is growing in popularity around the world and is considered an especially tough martial art. Boxers can use almost any part of their bodies in the contest, which can be quick and brutal. The main venue for matches is Lumpini Stadium. Fights are every Tuesday and Friday 6:30pm to11pm 16 and Saturdays 5pm-8pm and 8:30pm to midnight. Prices range from THB 220-800. Private Thai Boxing lessons can also be arranged with at least one-day prior notice via our concierge. Prices are approximately THB 5,400 for 2 hours.Restaurants and Entertainments There are nine venues to choose from, offering a wide range of international cuisine. Le Normandie Considered by many to be the finest French dining experience in Asia. Patrons choose from a set menu or full French a la carte. Lord Jim's This quintessential seafood restaurant offers a very popular international lunch time buffet and an a la carte dinner. Sala Rim Naam Sala Rim Naam serves a buffet lunch and set Thai dinner with traditional dance show, while the Terrace Rim Naam offers a la carte Thai dining by the River. 17The China House Inspired by the vibrant 1930's Shanghai Art Deco period featuring authentic Cantonese flavors with contemporary variations in presentation. Riverside Terrace The dinner buffet served here has an amazing selection of grilled seafood and meat plus the best Europe, the Middle East and Asia has to offer. The Verandah This casually elegant restaurant offers international all-day a la carte dining with a huge selection of freshly baked cakes. It's also the place for breakfast. 18 Ciao Dine under the stars at this riverside venue, which serves the city? finest pizza from our wood -fired oven and the very best Italian ice creams. Authors' Lounge On the ground floor of the Authors' Wing, this lounge has old colonial charm, with its white rattan furniture and English afternoon tea. The Bamboo Bar Known as the best live jazz spot in town, Bamboo Bar serves an extensive menu of cocktails and drinks in a relaxing, jungle-like ambience. 19 L’Espace by Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok This all-day international dining venue is the perfect way to relax and recuperate in the midst of your shopping day. Siam Paragon? most stylish contemporary cafe epitomises both the elegance and the culinary excellence of the legendary Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok. Set amid cream marble water gardens, L? Espace by Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok has an all-day menu that caters to every whim, offering everything from crisp salads or sandwiches, to home-made pastas, soups, noodles and tacos. Sip on refreshing cocktails or savour some of the splendid desserts, including delectable pastries, puddings and our unforgettable New York vanilla cheesecake. 20 Services Conference and Banqueting Rooms The Royal Ballroom This is both a grand and entirely versatile space.You can enjoy its historic appearance, with high ceiling, extravagant chandelier and river life murals, alternatively it can be transformed into the most contemporary scene to reflect your event theme.. The ballroom can be set up as one large space or reconfigured into three smaller rooms (Chao Phra Ya room , Ta Jeen room and Maeklong room) to create a „journey? for delegates to travel through, or simply separated for break out rooms. 21 The Embassy Room – Designed and appointed in the same opulent style as the Ballroom, this is the smaller sized option – but with the same luxurious ambience.Executive Boardroom – Situated within the business centre; our boardroo m has plenty of daylight, with windows overlooking the main entrance. The Regency Room – Recently restored to their former elegance with hand-woven Thai silk panels in a turn-of-the-century French pattern and full length mirrors at either end. The set up is a residential living room, with comfortable sofas; however it can be re arranged for cocktails or a private dinner. French windows open on to the cool Authors? Terrace. The Author’s Lounge – A sophisticated atmosphere in a summery, colonial setting – perfect for informal meetings.It is located in the Author? s Wing, within the hotel? s original site, and is named in tribute to the many famous writers who have stepped through the doors of Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok over the years, from Joseph Conrad and Somerset Maugham to Noel Coward and James Michener. Recently renovated to its former glory, delicate, whitewashed rattan furniture with handpainted upholstery and Siamese umbrellas now grace the lounge, amid towering bamboo and palm trees. It? s the perfect place for a relaxed event, romantic wedding reception or cocktail party for 150-200 guests. 2 Business Center Opening hours are from 7:30am-11pm Monday to Friday, and 8am–10pm on Weekends and National Holidays. We have four work stations available for delegates use; three PCs and one Mac. Each station is equipped with a laser printer and web camera, access points for electric data and high speed internet sockets for guests who would like to use their own laptops. There are two boardrooms, one larger for up to 18 delegates, a light space overlooking the hotel entrance and another smaller boardroom for six delegates. ? ? ? ?Secretarial services Translation, both written and simultaneous Video conferencing equipment Butler service is available with a simple press button Thai Culture Programs Whether for business or purely for your own enjoyment, there? s not a more perfect setting to learn about the intricacies of Thai cultu re than Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok and in one of our highly acclaimed courses. You? ll be following in the footsteps of the many 23 diplomats and journalists who have attended them to enhance their knowledge of our vibrant and fascinating culture.Enrich your joy and understanding of the Kingdom of Thailand during your stay at Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok. There? s nowhere in the world like Thailand. As the only country in Southeast Asia never to be colonized, its deep cultural roots are fascinating, yet often mysterious to many visitors. That? s why we created our comprehensive cultural programme, enlisting renowned professors and scholars from leading universities. For more than fifteen years, their afternoon lectures, daily from Monday to Friday, have unlocked the mysteries of the Kingdom for thousands of our guests.Guests have included many diplomats, journalists and travel writers, who take pleasure in understanding more about Thai culture. Programmes Thai Ways Monday 2pm-4pm, Klo ng Tour 3:20pm (Minimum 3 persons). Thai Beliefs Tuesday 2pm-4pm (Minimum 3 persons). Thai Dance and Music Wednesday 1pm-3pm (Minimum 5 persons). Contemporary Thai Culture Thursday 1pm-3pm (Minimum 5 persons). Thai Art and Architecture Friday 2pm-4pm (Minimum 5 persons). Thai Culture Programme Classes are THB 4,000 per person per class. 24 Children’s Day Care CentreOffering many facilities and supervised fun-filled to keep young guest from newlyborn babies to 8 years old, occupied and amused while their parents spend the extra time by themselves whether it is for a relaxing spa treatment or romantic dinner. Open daily from 3 p. m. to 11 p. m. The Oriental Shop at the shopping centers The oriental shops are famous for their tempting array of freshly baked breads and pantries, home-made chocolates, smoked meats, aromatic cheese and wonderful selection of salads, sandwiches, ice-creams and the ground blended coffee.The shops open daily at Emporium, Central Chidlom and Siam Parag on. Limousine Service Mandarin Oriental? s limousine are available 24 hours for either a short trip in the city or longer journey. The qualified and experienced chauffeurs are English speaking and all vehicles are fully ensured by the BMW series 7. 25 References www. mandarinoriental. com/bangkok/ Banqueting Department, Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Bangkok Training Department, Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Bangkok 26

Can the Judiciary Override Statutory Provisions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1748 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Power to do Complete Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Can Judiciary override Statutory Provisions? Introduction The Constitution of India is the central rule that everyone has to follow from which all different laws determine their power and with which they must adjust. All powers of the state and its diverse organs have their source in it and must be practiced subject to the conditions and constraint set down in it. The Constitution accommodates the parliamentary type of government which lacks strict partition between the executive and the legislature yet keeps up clear partition between them and the judiciary. Under Article 142 of the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Court has the power to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which is subject to the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution in any case pending before it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Can the Judiciary Override Statutory Provisions?" essay for you Create order Objective The Supreme Court of India is the protector and guarantor of all the rights of the citizens of the country and is vested with the obligation to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  between the parties. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the nature and scope of the absolute jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as under Article 142. The main issue lies as to the sufficiency of the Article 142 to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the main debated topic is regarding whether Article 142 can be invoked to pass an order which is contradicting to the statutory provisions. This paper attempts to discuss the power and extent of the judiciary to do complete justice, the limitations bound on it. Nature and Scope of the power to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Article 142 of the Indian Constitution presents ancillary or incidental powers upon the Supreme Court for doing complete justice in any case pending before it. It engages the Supreme Court to do complete justice and lessen the gap between legal justice and real justice. It based on two principles that the Supreme Court in the activity of its jurisdiction can pass decree or make such order as is vital for doing complete justice in any reason or matter pending before it. This decree passed or order made would be enforceable all through the territory of India in such way as may be recommended by Parliament by making a law. And, the Supreme Court as regards to the territory of India has complete power to make any order for the purpose of ensuring complete justice to a person. This power of the Supreme Court under Article 142 is restricted to the provisions made by the Parliament[1]. This article is designedly made comprehensive in order to enable the Supreme Court to make law and t o pass orders and decisions as are required to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2]. The use of the expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  assumes that an order or judgment that has been passed and further orders being made in the specific matter, it envisages a subordinate order to the principle judgment so as to guarantee that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is rendered in the matter is not disappointed by any procedural obstacles. The power is usually exercised in situations where there is a distinct error and the ignorance of Article 142 would lead to the tragedy of injustice. There must be solid and convincing reasons that the parties of the matter in dispute would suffer total injustice if this power of the Court is not used. It is similar in the situation where the law or the statutory provisions are not capable of removing the grievances of the people or where the cohesion to the statutory provisions or procedural guide lines would be unjustified in the circumstances of the case. Under the circumstances where the law is discovered to be insufficient or the Court is of the vision that there is a prospect of injustice being done to the matter in dispute only then it can use its powers under Article 142 to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The Supreme Court in Supreme Court Bar Association v. Union of India[3] stated that the powers of the Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution is inbuilt power to the Court and is complimented to those powers which are particularly presented on the court by different statutes however are not restricted by those statutes. These powers exist free of statutes with a perspective to do complete justice between the parties in dispute. In Delhi Judicial Service Assn. v. State of Gujarat[4], when the Supreme Court quashed the criminal proceedings against the Chief Judicial Magistrate it had been challenged by the respondents. The Chief Jud icial Magistrate was suspected of corruption and was handcuffed and a case was filed. The Supreme Court severely punished the police and had dismissed the complaint against the judge. Supreme Court has the power to determine its own jurisdiction and it would be the final decision. Supreme Court has ample power to do complete justice and the need for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  would rely on the facts and circumstances of case. The Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power under Article 142(1) to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is completely of diverse level and of a different quality. The power under Article 142 cannot contemplate doing justice to a party by ignoring any statutory provisions. The inbuilt powers of the Supreme Court under Article 142 together with the absolute powers under Articles 32 and 136 allows power to quash any criminal proceedings pending before any court to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in the matter. In this case it was also held that Article 142 is part of the basic structure of the Constitution. In Mohammed Anis v. Union of India[5], the Supreme Court held that the power under Article 142 is wide and cannot be restricted even by a statutory provision. The question regarding the extent of this power of the Supreme Court under Article 142 has been discussed in this case and this has been discussed from Delhi Judicial Service Assn. v. State of Gujarat[6], in the case the Court had observed that the power granted to the Court by Article 142(1) together with the absolute powers under Articles 32 and 136 enables the Court to pass such orders as it finds to be necessary to do complete justice to the reason or matter brought before it. The court held that no legislative authorization of the Union or the State can confine or control the power of the Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution but when using this power the Court has to take into consideration the provisions relating to the matter in dispute[7]. The Supreme Court has exercised the powers under Article 142 to support its statutory jurisdictions including jurisdiction under Article 32 and for various other purposes. The Supreme Court had granted suitable orders in many other matters such as divorce which could not have been done by following the ordinary laws, orders of CBI enquiry, imposition of exemplary costs, and payment of compensation to rape victim, etc[8]. Limitations In Prem Chand Garg v. Excise Commr[9], the limitations of the power of the Supreme Court to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  had been discussed and the main issue before the Court was that whether the Supreme Court could exercise the power under Article 142 inconsistent with any of the fundamental rights under the Constitution. It was stated that this power of the Supreme Court to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  has to be consistent with the fundamental rights and also with substantive provisions of the relevant statutory provisions[10]. This view had been accepted in other cases like Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar v. State of Maharashtra[11] and A. R Antulay v R. S Nayak[12]. In Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India[13], the court stated that no forbiddance or limitations or other procurement in ordinary laws can restrictions the constitutional powers of the Court under Article 142. The forbiddances can be demonstrated to be focused on funda mental and public policy arrangement and not only coincidental to a specific statutory scheme or method[14]. This power under Article 142 is exclusively available to the Supreme Court, the High Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power under Article 226 is not same with the constitutional jurisdiction power of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power under Article 142 is not available to the High Courts. The Supreme Court and the High Courts are both enabled to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  under the Constitution of India however the High Court has to deliver justice inside a specific domain and the Supreme Court being the ultimate court of law is not bound by such restrictions Conclusion The power of the Supreme Court to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is of wide nature. The Supreme Courts power under Article 142 to do complete justice is completely on a divergent level and quality[15]. Any prevention or restriction contained in ordinary laws cannot act as a limitation on this constitutional power of this Court. The Supreme Court in the performance of its jurisdiction under Article 142 has the right to make any order as required for doing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complete justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  between the parties in any cause or matter pending before it. But it cannot disregard a statutory provision covering the subject. This power can only be exercised in cases where grave injustice would occur if the Court does not use this power. The correct position of Article 142 is that the Court would follow the ordinary procedure following the statutory laws but under circumstances where statutory provisions are not inadequate for the removal of grievance of t he people or in certain cases where the facts and circumstances are of peculiar character. But there are certain restrictions to this power. This power is subject to the fundamental rights granted by the Constitution and also when there are substantive provisions of the relevant statutory provisions. The absence of any Constitutional Assembly Debate suggests that the powers under Article 142 should remain undefined in nature so that the Court can develop its own jurisprudence. Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court is a depository of unlimited powers to do complete justice. [1] Sopan Ivare, POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT TO DO COMPLETE JUSTICE JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVES [2010] International Referred Research Journal ISSN 16. [2] Reyneck Matemba, Judicial Activism [2011] European Journal of Law Reform 2011 (13) 2 279, 13 Eur. J.L. Reform 277 2011. [3] AIR (1998) SC 1895. [4] AIR (1991) SC 2176. [5] (1994) SCC Supl (1) 145. [6] AIR (1991) SC 2176. [7] Harish. B.N., Supreme Court, Complete Justice and Article 142: Scope for Unlimited Judicial Action [1995] 82, 7 Student Advoc. 82 1995. [8] Mahendra Pal Singh, V. N. Shuklaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitution of India (12th edn, Eastern Books Co, 2013)560. [9] AIR (1963) SC 996. [10] Mahendra Pal Singh, V. N. Shuklaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitution of India (12th edn, Eastern Books Co, 2013)556. [11] AIR (1966) SCR (3) 744. [12] AIR (1988) SCR 1531. [13] AIR (1992) SC 317. [14] Harish. B.N., Supreme Court, Complete Justice and Article 142: Scope for Unlimited Judicial Action [19 95] 82, 7 Student Advoc. 82 1995. [15] M. P. Singh, SECURING THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY-THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE [2000] IND. INTL COMP. L. REv. 245, 10 Ind. Intl Comp. L. Rev. 245 1999-2000.